The quest for artificial intelligence has made steady progress since at least the 1950s. Progress is due to some combination of finding new algorithms, improving our understanding of the nature of intelligence, and external factors such as increased computer power or progress made in other disciplines such as logic, mathematics, programming languages or statistics.
Humans have always speculated about the nature of mind, thought, and language, and searched for discrete representations of their knowledge. Aristotle tried to formalize this speculation by means of syllogistic logic, which remains one of the key strategies of AI. The first is-a hierarchy was created in 260 by Porphyry of Tyros. Classical and medieval grammarians explored more subtle features of language that Aristotle shortchanged. In the 13th century Ramon Llull was the first to build 'machines' that used logical means to produce knowledge. The mathematician Bernard Bolzano made the first modern attempt to formalize semantics in 1837.
Early computer design was driven mainly by the complex mathematics needed to target weapons accurately, with analog feedback devices inspiring an ideal of cybernetics. The expression "artificial intelligence" was introduced as a 'digital' replacement for the analog 'cybernetics'.
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